Human Genome Sequencing and Research
[Alaina Rumrill] Dr. Steven Clarke is a Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at UCLA. He explains that the sequencing of the human genome stands as one of the most transformative discoveries of the past fifty years, as well as in his career [1]. It has unlocked new knowledge and technology that allow individual genetic sequencing, ultimately advancing our understanding of what makes us human. This breakthrough revealed that humans have around 21,000 genes—a number surprisingly comparable to that found in C. elegans, a soil worm [2]. Despite having a similar number of genes, the complexity of human life arises from the intricate ways these genes interact, revealing the sophistication of biology.
Yet, the challenges that lie ahead in genomics are significant. Even with a complete catalog of human genes, scientists understand the functions of only about 6,000 of them, leaving approximately 15,000 genes as mysteries yet to be solved [3]. This incomplete understanding of the genome points to the continued need for discovery and curiosity-driven research. Dr. Steven Clarke emphasizes the value of skepticism and critical thinking in scientific exploration, especially when reviewing existing research. Even published studies can contain flaws, and it’s essential for researchers to assess their credibility rigorously. Dr. Clarke’s approach advocates that science is an iterative process—a gradual unraveling that requires careful examination and a healthy dose of doubt to avoid being misled by incomplete or erroneous conclusions [1].
Life of a Scientist
Being a scientist is far more than just conducting experiments in the lab. Dr. Clarke illustrates the multifaceted nature of scientific life, which includes not only research but also writing, mentoring, and applying for grants—all activities that require dedication, patience, and significant effort [1]. The day-to-day responsibilities of a scientist are filled with the need to balance different roles effectively while navigating the demanding nature of the field. Dr. Clarke’s experiences reflect the importance of maintaining resilience when facing setbacks, as rejection and disappointment are common elements of scientific research. Despite these hurdles, he encourages young scientists to focus on the impact they can have on the world and to find fulfillment in the smallest advances in knowledge.
The joy of discovery, no matter how incremental, can be a powerful motivator for scientists. For biochemists like Dr. Clarke, the competitive and challenging landscape of the field necessitates a high level of perseverance. He believes that even the smallest step forward in understanding should be celebrated for its contribution to the collective knowledge of humanity [1]. This passion for making a difference has carried Dr. Steven Clarke through the ups and downs of his career, reminding aspiring researchers that a career in science is not just about the major breakthroughs—it is also about the smaller discoveries that accumulate over time [1].
Dr. Clarke emphasizes the value of adaptability. In the face of failed experiments, maintaining multiple projects can help scientists overcome the frustrations that inevitably arise in the laboratory [1]. By diversifying research efforts, scientists can ensure that progress continues even when individual experiments do not yield the desired outcomes. Despite the challenges and gaps in knowledge, it’s crucial for scientists to stay motivated and find joy in every small advancement. The path of discovery is rarely a straight line; instead, it is a journey of continuous learning, correction, and pursuit of the unknown that ultimately drives the field forward.
Mentorship and Advice to Students
Dr. Clarke has not only contributed immensely to biochemistry through his research, but he has also played a vital role as a professor and mentor. In guiding the next generation of scientists, Dr. Clarke places a significant emphasis on student independence and creativity. He believes that the most successful students are those who demonstrate a sense of ownership over their education—those who do not shy away from challenges but rather take an active role in their learning [1]. He encourages students to attend seminars, ask questions, and engage with the scientific community. This approach helps students to develop a deep understanding of their field and positions them as future leaders.
Dr. Clarke’s mentorship philosophy also involves giving students the freedom to work independently. He believes that students thrive when they are allowed to explore their own ideas, make mistakes, and learn through experience [1]. By doing so, students gain confidence and take pride in their accomplishments, ultimately leading to greater innovation and breakthroughs. For Dr. Clarke, effective mentorship is not about giving students all the answers, but rather providing guidance and redirecting them as needed while allowing room for individual growth [1]. He credits mentorship with helping students understand research fundamentals and hone their skills, using a hands-off approach that supports creativity while offering support when necessary.
In addition to fostering independence, Dr. Clarke emphasizes the importance of dedication, desire, and time management in research. He recalls a memorable experience with a student who made a significant breakthrough in understanding aging and protein repair—an area once thought impossible to impact. The breakthrough was inspired by a journal club paper, which led to a new way of thinking about protein repair and ultimately to a major discovery [1]. Dr. Clarke points out that such achievements require careful time management, focus, and an unwavering commitment to the research process.
In his role as a teacher, Dr. Clarke uses his storytelling abilities to make complex concepts accessible and engaging, recognizing that enthusiasm is key to effective teaching. He reminds his students that while experiments often fail, resilience and a positive mindset are essential in overcoming obstacles [1]. Success in science is not solely about intelligence but also about perseverance, the desire to keep pushing forward, and the openness to learn from every failure. Dr. Clarke’s journey as a scientist, mentor, and educator exemplifies the determination, passion, and curiosity needed to push the boundaries of scientific knowledge, inspiring future generations to embrace both the challenges and the triumphs that come with the pursuit of discovery.
Learn More
If you would like to hear more about Dr. Steven Clarke’s journey and his work in Biochemistry, visit us on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, and many other streaming services to listen to our ChemTalk Podcast with Dr. Steven Clarke, a UCLA Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry.
Find the ChemTalk podcast here.
Works Cited
[1] Clarke, Steven. Personal interview. Conducted by John Strojny and Jasmine Winter. 29 November 2023.
[2] Maglich, J M, A Sluder, X Guan, Y Shi, D D McKee, K Carrick, K Kamdar, T M Willson, and J T Moore. “Comparison of Complete Nuclear Receptor Sets from the Human, Caenorhabditis Elegans and Drosophila Genomes.” Genome biology, 2001. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC55326/ .
[3] Cooper, Geoffrey M. “The Human Genome.” The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition., January 1, 1970. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9907/ .